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UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI REVISED SYLLABUS FOR S. Y. B Sc. (MICROBIOLOGY) (with effect from the academic year 2004-2005) Please checkup the official copy for correct version / doubts
PAPER I (90) Unit I Biomolecules and taxonomy 1. Estimation of biomolecules (20) A. Macromolecular composition of a microbial cell (E. coli) B. Methods for elemental analysis Carbon by Van Slyke’s method Nitrogen by MicroKjeldahl method Phosphorus by Fiske-Subbarow’s method C. Methods for molecular analysis - CarbohydratesEstimation of carbohydrates by Phenol and anthrone method Estimation of reducing sugars by DNSA method Detection of sugars by aniline diphenylamine reagent - Proteins and amino acids Estimation of proteins by Biuret and UV absorption Estimation of amino acids by Ninhydrin method - Lipids Soxhlet method - Nucleic acids Extraction of nucleic acid by modified Schneider’s process Estimation of nucleic acid - DNA by DPA method and RNA by Orcinol method - Principle techniques used in above estimations (only the principle, working, applications, merits and demerits) D. Colorimetry E. Chromatography - General principles Low pressure column chromatography Paper chromatography TLC, GLC, HPLC Absorption chromatography Ion exchange chromatography Gel filtration Affinity chromatography 2) Taxonomy (10) A. Introduction Purpose of classification systems, detailing some of the fundamental concepts in classification of living systems Classification, nomenclature and identification as distinct but interrelated activities, their scope Role of reference culture collections in taxonomy, type strains Presence of multiple classification systems Overview of classification of prokaryote organism - 19 parts New approaches to bacterial taxonomy Identification of bacteria Nature of identification scheme Approach to identification of an isolate, use of Bergey’s Manual of Determinative/Systematic Bacteriology or Prokaryotes for this purpose Illustrative example of identification of a new isolate Unit II: Microbial Ecology I 1) Microbial growth (10) A. Calculation of generation time B. Continuous culture and maintenance energy; uses of continuous culture C. Synchronous culture D. Arithmatic growth E. Catabolite repression; Diauxy phenomenon (Lactose) F. Efficiency of growth and growth yield; molar growth yield G. Microbial life in extreme environments H. Survival curve 2) Ecology: (10) A. Microorganisms in nature, Methods of study in Microbial B. Ecology, Identification and quantification, Microbial activity measurements
3) Aquatic Microbiology (10) A. Aquatic Microbiology: Distribution of microorganisms in fresh and marine water, estuaries, Methods to study aquatic microorganisms : sampling, qualitative quantitative study (4) B. Microbiology of potable water: Definition of potable water, standards for potability, Municipal water purification process, Microorganisms as bioindicators of fecal pollution, routine analysis of water (6)
Unit III Microbial Ecology II 1) Microbiology of waste water: (10) Types of waste water, Characteristics of waste water, Analysis of waste water (Physical, Chemical, biological), Effect of waste water on environment, Monitoring bodies (small and large scale), Treatment of small and large scale waste water and disposal of treated water. 2) Soil Microbiology: (14) Soil as habitat for different types of organisms in soil, Qualitative and quantitative methods to study soil fertility, Decomposition of organic matter (including pesticides and hydrocarbons), Methanogenesis, Nitrogen fixation, Nitrification, Denitrification, Hydrogen sulphide and sulphate reduction, Elemental sulphur and sulphate oxidation, Iron oxidation and reduction, Interactions between microorganisms and metals 3) Air Microbiology: (06) Distribution of microorganisms on air- launching, transport and deposition of aerosols, survival of microorganisms in air, Significance of microorganisms in air (extramural and intramural), Methods to study airborne microorganisms - Sampling, qualitative and quantitative methods, Bioaerosol control (ventilation, filtration, biocidal control - UV, gaseous, Quarantine)
References 1) Principles of Biochemistry,Lehninger, Nelson and Cox, 2nd Ed. 2) Biochemistry, Conn and Stumf,Sth Ed. 3) Practical Biochemistry, Keith Wilson and John Walker, 4th Ed. 4) Bacterial Metabolism, Gottschalk. G. 2nd Ed. 5) Methods in Microbiology, 1. R. Norris and D. W. Ribbons- Vol 5-B 6) An Introduction to Biochemistry, David Plummer, 3fd Ed. 7) Lab manual in Biochemistry, J. Jayaraman, 3m Ed. 8) Fundamentals in Microbiology, Frobisher, 9th Ed. 9) General Microbiology, Stanieret.Al., Sth Ed. 10) Brock - Biology of Microorganisms, Parker, Madigan, 9th Ed. 11) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 9th Ed. 12)Microbiology, Prescott and Harley, 5th Ed. 13) Chemical Microbiology, A. H. Rose, 3rd Ed. 14) Advances in Biotechnology, S. N. Jogdand 15) Textbook of Biotechnology, R. C. Dubey 16)Fundamentals of Ecology, Odum 17) Microbial Ecology-Fundamentals and Application, Atlas and Bartha 18)Fundamentals of Microbiology, A. 1. Salle 19) Microbiology-Dynamics and Diversity, Perry and Staley 20) Soil Microbiology, Subba Rao 21)Soil Microbiology, Alexander and Martin, 1999 22) Microbiology, Maier PRACTICAL I 1) Production of Biomass for chemical analysis (bacterial/fungaVyeast as applicable) 2) Determination of dry and wet weight of microb~s (yeast/fungi) 3) Determination of Nitrogen content by MicroKje1dahlmethod (Demonstration) 4) Verification of Beer-Lambert' s Law (5% CUS04) 5) Preparation of cell fractions for macromolecular analysis 6) Estimation of Proteins by Biuret method 7) Estimation of DNA (DPA method) 8) Estimation ofRNA (Orcinol method) 9) Estimation of reducing sugar (DNSA method) 10)Estimation of amino acid (Ninhydrin method) 11)Paper chromatography of amino acids 12)TLC of sugars 13)Column chromatography (spinach) 14)Isolation and identification of of a bacterial isolate 15)Determination of generation time (upto exponential phase) 16) Study ofDiauxy growth curve 17) Study of growth yield! molar growth yield 18)Assignment on growth of microorganisms in extreme environments 19) Setting up Winogradsky's Column and study of various types of groups 20) Study of Eutrophication 21) Study of air flora: Qualitative and quantitative, Liquid impingement and Gravity sedimentation methods 22) Study of Fresh water flora: Qualitative and quantitative, Isolation of agar digesters, Study ofhaloduric and halophilic bacteria 23) Analysis of potable water: Presumptive, confirmed and completed test, Detection of fecal Stretococci and Clostridium species, determination of colifonn count in water by MPN 24) Waste water analysis: Physical (total solids), Chemical (COD), Biological (BOD), Quantitaive study of raw and treated sewage (Nutrient agar and Macconkey's agar) 25) Soil Microbiology: isolation of organisms from soil (bacteria, fungiand actinomycetes),enrichment/isolationof - cellulose degraders, starch hydrolysers, ureolytic, saccharolytic organisms, nitrosifiers , nitrifiersand sulphate reducers 26) Biostatistics- Median, mean, mode; problems based on the above.
PAPER II: Microbial Physiology & Molecular Biology
Unit I: Host-Parasite Interaction 1. Host-Parasite Interaction (30) A. MICROBIAL VIRULENCE FACTORS (06) Enzymes : Hyaluronidase. Collagenase, Streptokinase & Coagulase Exotoxins: Cytolytic toxins, Diphtheria , Tetanus & Botulinum toxins Enterotoxins :Cholera, other enterotoxins Endotoxins :Structure and function, Limulus Assay for Endotoxin Egs of Virulent organisms: Salmonella Species & its virulence factors Measuring Virulence,LD50 B. CLINICAL INFECTIONS IN THE HOST (04) Establishment, Spread & Pathologic Effects Patterns of Infection Signs & Symptoms- Warning Signals of Disease Portal of Exit Persistence of Microbe & Pathologic conditions C. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (10) Epidemiological Terminology Measuring Frequency: The Epidemiologist’s Tools Infectious Disease Epidemiology Recognition of an Infectious Disease in a population/ of an Epidemic The Infectious Disease Cycle: Story of a Disease Virulence and the mode of Transmission Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Diseases and Pathogens Control of Epidemics The Emerging Threat of Bioterrorism Global Travel and Health Considerations Nosocomial Infections D. Innate Immunity/Nonspecific host resistance (10) i. Overview of host resistance. ii. Nonspecific Host Resistance a. Natural Host Resistance- Age,Stress,Diet etc b. Physical and Mechanical Barrier (Skin, Mucous Membranes) c. Respiratory System,Gastrointestinal Tract, Genitourinary Tract, Eye) d. Chemical Barriers (Basic Proteins, Bacteriocins, Beta-Lysin and other Polypeptides) iii. Cells, Tissues and Organs of the Immune System a. Cells of the Immune System(Lymphoid cells, mononuclear cells, Granulocytes, Mast cells, Dendritic cells) b. Organs and tissues of the Immune System(Primary and secondary Lymphoid organs/tissues) E. Inflammation, Fever, Phagocytosis F. Natural Killer Cells G. Molecular Defence i. .The Complement System ii. Cytokines H. Integrated host defense i. Immuno Compromised host
Unit II: Enzymology 2. Clinical and Diagnostic Microbiology (10) Isolation of pathogens from clinical specimens Specimens- blood, urine, feces, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid or pus, genital (collection, handling and transport ) and cultures of anaerobes Identification of conventional methods (growth dependent) Rapid methods of identification/clinical diagnosis Immunologic techniques Molecular Methods and Analysis of Metabolic Products Susceptibility testing Computers in Clinical Microbiology 3. Enzymology (20) (a) Concept checking (b) X-ray analysis -Important structural features (c) Michaelis-Menton equation; derivation only (d) Effect of enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, pH, temperature on enzyme activity (e) Multisubstrate reactions - Ordered, Random, Ping-pong (schematic with example) (f) Inhibitors of enzymes Irreversible, Reversible - competitive, Non-competitive, Uncompetitive (schematic with examples) (g) Allosteric inhibition - Properties and mechanism (i) Koshland Nemethy and Filmer model (ii) Monod Wyman and Changux model (h) Principles underlying enzyme purification (i) Vitamins and coenzymes (j) Water soluble vitamins (k) Fat soluble vitamins (l) Introduction to metals in enzymes (m) Coenzymes of methanogenic bacteria
Unit III: Microbial Metabolism 4. Bioenergetics (15)
5. Introduction to Metabolism (15)
References 1. Biology of Microoganisms, Brock, 8th , 9th Ed. 2. Microbiology, Talaro 3rd Ed. 3. Microbiology, Prescott, Harley and Klein, 4th and 5th Ed. 4. Microbiology, Pelczar, 5th Ed 5. Diagnostic Microbiology, Bailley and Scott 6. Principles of Biochemistry, Lehninger, Nelson and Cox, 2nd Ed. 7. Biochemistry, Conn and Stumpf, 5th Ed. 8. Guide to principles and techniques of practical biochemistry, Wilson and Goulding, 3rd Ed. 9. Principles of Microbiology, Atlas 10. Bacterial Metabolism, Gottschalk. G. 2nd Ed 11. Chemical Microbiology, A. H. Rose, 3rd Ed. 12. Principles of Biostatistics, Mahajan
PRACTICAL II 1. Virulence factors Enzymes - Streptokinase, coagulase, haemolysin, lecithinase, phagocytosis 2. Epidemiology a) Case studies from Pelczar and Chan, Talaro, Prescott and Harley b) Pyocin typing c) Isolation of organisms from fomites 6. Identification of bacteria a) Use of selective and differential solid media: SIBA, MacConkey’s, SS Agar, TCBS, Hoyle’s tellurite, SMA, Cetrimide, XLD, CLED b) Use of biochemical media for identification of organisms Sugar fermentation, Casein hydrolysis Catalase, Citrate utilization, Decarboxylase Esculin hydrolysis, Gelatinase H2S production, Lipase, IMViC Nitrate reduction, Oxidase, PPA TSI, Bile solubility Bacitracin and Optochin Sensitivity, etc. Diagnostic cycle (urinary tract infection) Rapid identification of pathogen using a kit Effect of variables on enzyme activity (invertase from yeast) a) Temperature b) pH c) Substrate concentration d) Enzyme concentration Determination of KM of invertase (Lineweaver-Burke plot; Michaelis-Menton graph) . Purification of enzyme (invertase from yeast) Ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis Measurement of enzyme activity before and after purification (DNSA method) . Problems based on bioenergetics Assignments on: General scheme of catabolic and anabolic pathway Diseases prevalent in India (any one) Tuberculosis, AIDS, Malaria, Hepatitis, Campylobacter, Legionella infections
PAPER III: Microbial Technology (90)
Unit I: Immunology & Biotechnology 1. IMMUNOLOGY (20) A. Antigens (8) 1. Immunogenicity versus antigenicity 2. Factors that influence immunogenicity a. Contribution of the immunogen to immunogenicity (foreignness, molecular size, chemical composition and heterogeneity, ability to be processed and presented) b. Contribution of the biological system to immunogenecity (genotype of the recipient animal, immunogen dosage, route of administration and adjuvants) 3. Epitopes/ antigenic determinants (not in detail) 4. Haptens and the study of antigenicity 5. immunogenicity of some natural substance (native globular proteins, polysaccharides, lipid, nucleic acids) 6. Types of antigens (heterophile antigens, isophile antigens, sequestered antigens, superantigens, bacterial and viral antigens)
B. Immunoglobulins (12) 1. Immunoglobulin- basic structure, sequenceing studies and fine structure. 2. Immunoglobulin classes and biological activities 3. Antigenic determinants on immunoglobulins (isotype, allotype, idiotype) 4. The immunoglbulin receptors 5. antigen and antibody reactions
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